Estate taxes are paid by the estate before anything is distributed; inheritance taxes are paid by the person who receives the property. In 2026 the federal estate tax reaches only estates above $15 million per person, and there is no federal inheritance tax. 12 states plus the District of Columbia levy their own estate tax at lower thresholds, and 5 states levy an inheritance tax whose rate depends on the beneficiary's relationship to the person who died.
Most families owe neither. The taxes that reach an ordinary inheritance are income taxes: withdrawals from an inherited IRA or 401(k) on a federal timeline that depends on the beneficiary, and capital gains on property sold above its stepped-up basis, its value at death. The Estate and Inheritance Tax Calculator answers the first question; the Step-Up Basis, Inherited IRA, and Post-Death Tax Filing tools cover the rest, and the Who Inherits Calculator covers who receives the estate when there is no will.