What Is Joint Tenancy in Estate Planning?
Joint tenancy offers many advantages in estate planning, including avoiding probate, but it comes with important considerations and alternatives.
When it comes to estate planning, joint tenancy is a term you’ll likely come across. It refers to a form of co-ownership where two or more individuals share equal ownership of a property. While often used between spouses or family members, anyone can hold property this way. In estate planning, joint tenancy offers simplicity—but it’s not without its pitfalls.
Let’s explore how joint tenancy works, its benefits and drawbacks, and a few alternatives worth considering.
Joint tenancy is a legal arrangement in which each co-owner holds an equal share of a property or asset. Most importantly, it includes right of survivorship, meaning that when one owner passes, their share automatically transfers to the surviving owner(s) without going through probate.
This arrangement can apply to real estate, bank accounts, investment accounts, and even vehicles in some states. It’s most commonly used between spouses but can be set up between any individuals.
Benefits of Joint Tenancy in Estate Planning
Joint tenancy is appealing for a few key reasons:
1. Avoids Probate
Because of the right of survivorship, jointly held assets typically bypass the probate process entirely. This can speed up the transfer of ownership and reduce court involvement.
2. Simplifies Asset Transfer
There’s no need for a will or trust to dictate who gets the asset. Ownership changes automatically, which can make things easier for surviving co-owners.
3. Shared Control
All joint tenants have equal rights to manage and use the property. This can work well for couples or close family members with aligned goals.
4. Easy to Set Up
Establishing joint tenancy is usually straightforward. It often involves nothing more than titling the asset correctly when it’s purchased or updating it afterward.
Disadvantages of Joint Tenancy in Estate Planning
Despite its benefits, joint tenancy comes with some serious trade-offs:
1. Loss of Control
Since all owners have equal rights, one person can’t sell or refinance the asset without the other’s consent. This can become a problem if disagreements arise or if someone becomes incapacitated.
2. Exposure to Other Owners’ Debts
If one joint tenant faces legal judgments, divorce, or bankruptcy, the jointly owned asset may be at risk—even if the other owner had nothing to do with the issue.
3. Inflexibility in Distribution
Because assets pass automatically to the surviving joint tenant(s), this setup overrides instructions in a will or trust. That may conflict with other parts of an estate plan or unintentionally disinherit others.
4. Potential Tax Consequences
Adding someone to the title of an asset as a joint tenant could trigger gift tax rules or impact the stepped-up basis for capital gains taxes, depending on the situation.
Some Alternatives
If joint tenancy doesn’t align with your goals, there are other options:
1. Tenancy in Common
Unlike joint tenancy, this option allows owners to hold unequal shares and name their own beneficiaries. There’s no right of survivorship, so each person’s interest passes according to their estate estate plan.
2. Living Trust
Trusts offer more control, privacy, and protection. They allow you to name backup trustees and provide instructions for how and when assets should be distributed.
3. Transfer-on-Death (TOD) or Payable-on-Death (POD) Designations
These tools let you name beneficiaries for specific assets like bank or brokerage accounts. They also avoid probate without the risks of joint ownership.
A Useful Tool, Although There Are Alternatives
Joint tenancy can be a useful tool in estate planning, especially for simplifying asset transfer between trusted co-owners. But it’s not a one-size-fits-all solution. The ease of setup and probate avoidance may come at the cost of flexibility, protection, and control. Before using joint tenancy, it’s worth considering your broader estate planning goals and whether a trust or other strategy might serve those goals better.